Whether a search of your computer is legal depends, in large part, on where the search takes place. If you are singled-out at an international boarder, for example, you are going to be searched regardless of the presence of a “articulable suspicion”.
If you are in a place where you have a reasonable expectation of privacy, on the other hand, the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution requires probable cause prior to a justified police search of your digital data.
This issue is coming-up with increasing frequency as people travel with their digital lives at their side; and thanks to the increasing sophistication of law enforcement search methods.
Courts have determined that international borders are areas where government interests trump any reasonable expectation of privacy, if one even exists at all. Customs agents at these boarders are trained to look for smugglers, terrrorists, and child pornographers.
The heightened search and seizure powers of Customs agents were tested in a recent case involving a local contract employee with the Walled Lake Consolidated Schools. Two years ago, the contractor was intercepted at the US-Canadian border in Buffalo, NY. Customs agents conducted a digital inspection of his laptop and discovered images of child pornography; some of them made and distributed by the individual.
The former Davisburg resident and Walled Lake schools employee was sentenced last January by a federal judge to 60-years in federal prison.
While no one wants their digital life disturbed when traveling through borders, particularly lawyers with briefcases of confidential goldmines, neither does anyone feel sorry for child pornographers or terrorists.
In another recent case, this one involving a suspected “terrorist”, the former Muslim chaplain at Guantanamo Bay was routinely subjected to digital inspections whenever he re-entered the US. Once, upon being searched and released, the Muslim chaplin discovered that the Customs agent left a forensic scan disc in his computer. Although the chaplain was not a terrorist, he fit the profile, so the digital inspections were conducted.
A thorough digital scan of a lap top computer can take more than 3-hours, and that’s without securing a warrant. Forensic hard-drive copies take even longer to produce.
Digitized information does not always carry signs of illegality like child porn images. Evidence of terrorism, for example, is often well-hidden and encrypted in the machine’s hard-drive.
The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers has taken the position that laptop computer searches conducted at international borders are “non-routine” and thus should require some modicum of articulable suspicion.
Such articulable suspicion is required by highly invasive search modes such as the search of a person’s ailmentary canal. A laptop search is probably even more intrusive as it encompasses your entire being, both personal and professional.
I am one of those attorneys that loves to write. I write briefs, blog posts and articles on a variety of legal subjects. To contact me or to engage in legal discourse or, if necessary, to schedule a free consultation, visit my web site. www.clarkstonlegal.com
Since 1989, I have been an attorney licensed by the State Bar of Michigan. In my decades of general practice, I have served more than 1000 clients.
Among the first-50 attorneys in Michigan to complete the Family Law Certificate program offered by the Institute for Continuing Legal Education in Ann Arbor, MI, I have completed more than 250 divorces from start to finish.
In addition to family law, I have a robust criminal law practice, representing clients in jury trials and appeals across Michigan. Approved for felony assignments by the Oakland County Circuit Court, and for criminal appeals through the Michigan Appellate Assigned Counsel System, I know my way around the criminal justice system.
The Michigan Attorney General has appointed me to serve as a Special Assistant Attorney General (felony child support) and to serve Oakland County as a Public Administrator. These appointments have provided extensive family law, probate and elder law experience as a professional fiduciary in more than 75 cases.
My appellate docket has placed me before the Michigan Supreme Court, Mich Court of Appeals, and the U S Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit. Serving 2-years as a pre-hearing attorney for the Mich Court of Appeals was my 1st job out of law school, followed by another 5-years in the appellate section of Plunkett & Cooney, one of Michigan’s largest private law firms.
For 8-years in the middle of my career, I was an Asst Professor and Director of Legal Studies at the Univ of Detroit Mercy. The UDM Law Review published my article on civil rights claims in the law enforcement seizure context. As a professor of legal studies, I trained paralegals in all aspects of assisting attorneys in private practice, publishing a comprehensive article on this subject in the Mich Bar Journal.
Juris Doctor from the University of Detroit (1988) Bachelor of Arts with honors from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, MI, (1984).
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